超声引导下穿刺活检对乳腺病变诊断价值的研究进展
张傲雪1 贾红燕2▲
1.山西医科大学第一临床医学院,山西太原 030001;2.山西医科大学第一医院乳腺科,山西太原 030001
[摘要]乳腺病变治疗决策的制定受病理结果影响,但穿刺病理低估的情况时有发生。为提高病变的检出率以及病理符合率,需评估那些容易被漏诊或低估的病变类型。本文通过分析近年来国内外超声引导下穿刺活检对不同乳腺病变类型的低估率、发生低估的可能原因及出现低估的高危因素得出结论:超声引导下穿刺活检对非肿块型及小体积乳腺病变的诊断可采用辅助手段提高检出率及评估准确性;对导管内乳头状病变及浸润性乳腺癌评估的准确性较高,但因肿瘤异质性及肿瘤中心坏死的存在需对浸润性乳腺癌多点取材,以提高免疫组化结论的符合率;对非典型增生、小叶原位癌、导管原位癌评估的准确性不理想,需要后续严密监测或采用手术治疗手段。对于可能恶性的乳腺病变,应在穿刺时使用穿刺鞘避免穿刺针道种植转移的发生,或在后续治疗中采取放射治疗手段降低种植转移概率。综上,超声引导空芯针穿刺活检是目前诊断乳腺病变的首选方法,核磁引导下穿刺活检和真空辅助下活检等可成为新的取材选择。
[关键词]超声引导穿刺活检;空芯针穿刺活检;乳腺病变;诊断价值
临床表现、影像学和病理学结果共同影响乳腺病变治疗决策的制定。细针取材活检(fine needle biopsy,FNA)、空芯针穿刺活检(core needle biopsy,CNB)及开放手术获取病灶是目前常用的取材手段。开放手术获取病灶由于对治疗决策的滞后性影响已非首选的处理手段。由于FNA 诊断的敏感性和特异性较低,近年来其对乳腺结节诊断价值已有所减弱[1]。CNB 可选择MRI 引导、钼靶引导或超声引导。MRI 引导下穿刺活检因检查过程中强磁场对金属质地的吸引作用造成穿刺针位移,影响取材的准确性,而使用无磁穿刺器械费用高昂,且受呼吸及体位影响,较难推广。钼靶引导下穿刺活检受二维成像影响,且钼靶检查具有对较小结节不敏感的局限性,因其操作耗时长、准确性较低故而较少采用。
超声引导CNB(ultrasound guided-CNB,US-CNB)是取材的常用手段,不仅较FNA 更为明确,还可进一步获得后续可被参考的肿瘤组织学结论[2]。因为获取病灶的方法、影像学评估能效、病理学诊断水平差异,依然会产生穿刺病理与手术病理结果出入的后果,影响后续治疗。本文讨论目前临床上US-CNB 在乳腺病变中的诊断价值,发现工作中的不足并探究可采用的对策,对进一步诊疗思路及决策提供参考。
1 获得病灶方法
超声引导下操作者可实时观察穿刺针位置,取材效果明确,但由于部分肿块的直径较小或形态不规则,会形成穿刺针实际穿过病变区边缘但表现为穿过病变区的假象。对于这种可能,需在穿刺针进入目标区域后改变超声探头方向以确定穿刺针位置。Tamaki等[3]认为CNB 穿刺4 针获得的组织与手术取材相比较,其组织学病理诊断可高度吻合。穿刺时可适当变换角度,防止多次进入原穿刺道而造成取材不足,取材后应尽快将其放置于福尔马林液中固定,防止细胞变性坏死影响病理结果。
2 US-CNB 对非肿块型乳腺病变的诊断意义
非肿块型乳腺病变与周围的正常纤维腺体具有类同的组织构成,从声像学方面对比差别比较小,明确界限不易分辨。病变在超声上通常表现为低回声或中等回声的斑片状区域,伴或不伴钙化,灰阶差别不明确,导致其检出率较低。随着超声评估方式不断进步,为了弥补组织回声差异较小的不足,可考虑超声增强造影、超声剪切波弹性成像等手段,使检出病灶的效能得到提升,并获得更多US-CNB 对其诊断价值的结论。研究显示,弹性成像中硬环征及病灶内外多点定量弹性值对乳腺非肿块病变的鉴别诊断具有优越的诊断价值[4]
3 US-CNB 对小体积乳腺病变的诊断意义
既往关于直径<10 mm 乳腺病变US-CNB 诊断的研究较少,而目前临床上对直径<10 mm 乳腺病变的处理方式多以真空辅助下活检(vacuum assisted biopsy,VAB)或开放手术为主。VAB 较穿刺而言创伤更大,且对后续恶性病灶的切缘位置判读存在干扰,影响诊疗决策的制定及进一步手术操作。尽管使用开放手术活检的取材手段相较CNB 能够获得相对完整的病变组织,但也存在因手术操作对组织造成的破坏,存在造成恶性肿瘤失去新辅助治疗的可能性,或者造成对乳腺增生等疾病的治疗过度情况。因此,对直径<10 mm乳腺病变的US-CNB 诊断效能对临床诊疗有重要参考价值。
4 US-CNB 对导管内乳头状肿瘤的诊断意义
对于导管内乳头状瘤的诊断,Rizzo 等[5]的研究表明US-CNB 的低估率为5.8%(16/276),Park 等[6]的研究表明US-CNB 的低估率为10.6%,应对穿刺病理为良性的导管内乳头状肿瘤病灶采取手术切除。同侧乳腺内多病灶、病灶内外存在点状钙化成分、病变直径≥20 mm、病灶可被触及等是可能产生穿刺病理学低估的危险因素[7-9]。而一些研究中显示US-CNB 对导管内乳头状瘤的低估率尚为理想,如Pareja 等[10]报道的低估率仅为2.3%(4/171)。Grimm 等[11]的研究中,良性导管内乳头状肿瘤低估率为0%(0/388),388 例穿刺病理为导管内乳头状瘤的病灶中136 例行手术切除,252 例未接受手术治疗,仅行影像学长期随访,所有病例在手术切除标本和随访中均未升级为恶性病理结果或提示出现恶变征象。综上所述,穿刺病理结果为良性导管内乳头状肿瘤且不具备上述低估危险特征的病灶不需于短期内行手术治疗。张春等[12]的研究中,穿刺病理为非典型导管内乳头状瘤,术后病理升级为恶性的比例为44.4%(4/9)。US-CNB 诊断导管内乳头状癌4 例,术后病理为原位癌1 例,浸润性癌3 例,低估率为0%;6 例拒绝行手术的病例经长期随访,影像学上未发现明显进展。对于乳腺导管内乳头状肿瘤,US-CNB 存在低估的可能,特别当CNB 病理结果为非典型导管内乳头状瘤时,应积极行手术切除并行病理学检查,防止恶性病灶被忽略贻误诊治。
5 US-CNB 对高危型乳腺病变的诊断意义
临床常见的高危型乳腺病变为非典型导管增生(atypicalductalhyperplasia,ADH)、非典型小叶增生(atypical lobular hyper plasia,ALH)以及小叶原位癌(lobular carcinoma in situ,LCIS)。由于穿刺取材等因素,病理上较难鉴别非典型病变与低级别恶性病灶,穿刺病理低估时有发生,故目前行手术治疗为首选方案。
对于非典型增生,考虑到手术造成的损伤及可能存在的过度治疗,需要分析哪些病灶可免除手术治疗。Sen 等[13]报道447 例穿刺病理为ALH 或典型LCIS并行后续手术治疗的病例中,ALH 的低估率为3.5%(12/339),LCIS 的低估率为9.3%(10/108)。结论为穿刺病理结果为ALH 的病灶可暂时避免手术切除,穿刺结果为典型LCIS 的病灶则应行手术切除。LCIS 伴粉刺样坏死的穿刺低估率明显高于典型LCIS。Wazir等[14]的研究表明,非典型LCIS 中有15.7%(19/121)手术病理升级为乳腺导管原位癌(ductal carcinoma in situ,DICS),有40.5%(49/121)手术病理升级为浸润性癌,故对于伴有粉刺样坏死、明显的核非典型性或旺炽型的LCIS 应择期行手术治疗。
在CNB 后病理诊断为ADH 的病灶中,Mooney等[15]报道的低估率为18.2%(35/192),其中大部分升级为导管原位癌或低分级的浸润性癌。范照青等[16]报道的低估率为57.9%(22/38)。Chen 等[17]报道的低估率为34.3%(48/143),其中15例升级为浸润性癌,33例升级为导管原位癌。因此,建议对穿刺病理为ADH 的病灶行手术治疗[18]。但对所有高危型病灶均行切除可能存在过度治疗的风险。Sutton 等[19]的研究表明,穿刺标本中可见≥1 条非典型增生导管、病灶内存在质硬灶、患者高龄是ADH 低估的危险因素。Mesurolle 等[20]的研究表明,ADH 的低估率为56%(28/47),影像学表现为低回声、形状不规则、边缘微分叶、无后方声学特征、界面突变等为ADH 高危因素。以上数据表明,对于符合低风险的ADH 患者,采取严密监测是较为安全的手段。
6 US-CNB 对恶性病变乳腺病变的诊断意义
穿刺活检病理标本可以提供浸润性乳腺癌的病理学分级、组织学分子分型等信息,指导制定后续治疗计划。张国芬等[21]报道,在行US-CNB 的1394 例患者乳腺病灶组织中,US-CNB 病理结果显示,乳腺癌患者例数为1037 例,术后病理组织学诊断乳腺癌的病例数为1046 例,准确率为99.4%。
异质性是乳腺癌的重要特征之一,表现为不同的组织学类型、分化程度、侵袭转移能力及治疗的反应性等。肿瘤细胞的位置(肿瘤的中心或外周)、肿瘤微环境中其他细胞(成纤维细胞、巨噬细胞等)的影响造成了表型异质性[22]。Moelans 等[23]的研究指出在不同乳腺癌病灶和同一病灶的不同区域存在多种基因显著的修饰差异,占乳腺癌异质性成因的97%。为了精准实施个体化的治疗,需考虑肿瘤组织中不同细胞亚群的存在,以及肿瘤中央区坏死部分对病理结果的影响,故行US-CNB 时需于肿瘤的不同位置(中心、外周)进行取材。
乳腺癌的分子分型根据雌激素受体(estrogen receptor,ER)、孕激素受体(progesterone receptor,PR)、人表皮生长因子受体2(epidermal growth factor receptor 2,Her2)等指标确定。在ER 的相符率上,Zhu 等[24]报道为96.5%,Kombak 等[25]报道为93.3%;在PR 的相符率上,Tamaki 等[3]报道为77.9%,You 等[26]报道为95%,PR 较ER 的相符率略低可能的因素为PR 受体的免疫性较弱于ER 受体,且PR 基因异质性较高。Asogan 等[27]报道穿刺病理结果在免疫组化相符率方面与手术病理结果对比,ER 的相符率为96%(530/550),PR 相符率为89%(488/548),Her2 相符率为97%(453/468)。
Jung 等[28]的研究表明,导管原位癌的低估率为33.6%(111/330)。Caswell-Smith 等[29]的研究表明,原位导管癌的低估率为20.5%。Kim 等[30]的研究表明,病灶最大直径>20 mm、内部存在点状钙化、声像学分级较高和组织学分级较高均为DCIS 病理被低估的危险指标。曹威等[31]的研究表明,肿瘤>30 mm、核分级高和Her2 阴性是DCIS 病理学被低估的危险因素。
7 存在的问题
研究表明,恶性肿瘤细胞可随穿刺针道种植转移[32]。Santiago 等[33]的研究表明,高级别、三阴性乳腺癌和多次插入、非同轴活检可能是肿瘤发生种植转移的危险因素。对于可疑恶性的病例,选择能够在手术过程中完整切除的穿刺点及穿刺路线,或使用穿刺针鞘以避免接触过肿瘤的穿刺针在移动时造成肿瘤细胞的种植,或在后续治疗中采取放射治疗等手段,以降低恶性肿瘤发生穿刺针道种植转移的概率。
8 小结与展望
乳腺结节的超声引导穿刺活检术以其便捷、快速、准确、费用较低等优势被广为采用。在所有类型的乳腺病变中,穿刺病理结果为非典型增生的病理低估率较高,故针对此类型的乳腺病变需要采取严密监测。术后病理为导管原位癌的病例低估率最高,需进一步的研究明确导管原位癌的特征以提高检出率。随着技术的进步,MRI 引导下的乳腺病变穿刺活检术及VAB 将会成为乳腺病变新的取材选择。
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Research progress of the value of ultrasound-guided needle biopsy in diagnosis of breast lesions
ZHANG Ao-xue1 JIA Hong-yan2
1.The First Clinical School of Shanxi Medical University,Shanxi Province,Taiyuan 030001,China;2.Department of Breast,the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University,Shanxi Province,Taiyuan 030001,China
[Abstract]The decision-making for the treatment of breast lesions is affected by the pathological results,but the underestimation of puncture pathology occurs frequently.In order to improve the detection rate of lesions and the pathological coincidence rate,it is necessary to evaluate types of lesions which are easily missed or underestimated.This paper analyzed the underestimation rates of different types of breast lesions by ultrasound-guided needle biopsy in recent years,possible causes of underestimation,and high-risk factors for underestimation.Auxiliary methods could be used to improve the detection rate and evaluation accuracy of ultrasound-guided needle biopsy in the diagnosis of non-mass and small-volume breast lesions.The evaluation accuracies of intraductal papillary lesions and invasive breast cancer were relatively high.However,due to the tumor heterogeneity and tumor center necrosis,it was necessary to conduct multi-point selection of cancer materials for invasive breast cancer to improve the coincidence rate of immunohistochemical conclusions.The evaluation accuracies of atypical hyperplasia,lobular carcinoma in situ,and ductal carcinoma in situ were not ideal,and follow-up close monitoring or surgical treatment was required.For breast lesions that might be malignant,a puncture sheath should be used during puncture to avoid the occurrence of puncture needle implant transfer,or radiotherapy should be used in subsequent treatment to reduce the chance of implant transfer.In summary,ultrasound-guided hollow-core needle biopsy is currently the preferred method for diagnosing breast lesions.Nuclear magnetic-guided needle biopsy and vacuum-assisted biopsy can become new choices for material selection.
[Key words]Ultrasound-guided needle biopsy;Core needle biopsy;Breast lesions;Diagnostic value
[中图分类号]R737
[文献标识码]A
[文章编号]1674-4721(2021)8(b)-0036-05
[作者简介]张傲雪(1993-),女,山西医科大学第一临床医学院外科学(乳腺方向)专业2018 级在读硕士研究生,研究方向:乳腺疾病的诊断和治疗
1▲通讯作者:贾红燕,主任医师,博士生导师,研究方向:外科学乳腺疾病的诊疗
(收稿日期:2021-02-19)